![]() There has been growing interest in identifying very young children at risk for early and persistent trajectories of conduct problems (CP, Shaw, 2013). Public Health Importance of Early-Starting Conduct Problems However, it is acknowledged that many children showing high rates of CP also demonstrate high levels of ADHD, particularly impulsive/hyperactive behavior. In the current paper the term “conduct problems” refers to disruptive behaviors such as physical aggression and oppositional behavior (rather than symptoms of ADHD in isolation) that often involve challenging adult authority and/or using physical force in interacting with parents, siblings, peers, pets, or objects. The focus on early childhood in the current review allows us to review the independent effects of poverty on emerging child CP during developmental periods when many of children’s daily interactions are presumably physically and psychologically mediated by parental care. Researchers have typically theorized and found poverty to have more independent effects on children’s CP following early childhood when they spend more time outside of the home and direct parental care ( Ingoldsby & Shaw, 2002 Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000) however, recent research suggests that chronic exposure to poverty during early childhood may be more detrimental to later childhood outcomes than exposure to poverty during the school-age period ( Votruba-Drzal, 2006). The reasons for focusing on early-starting conduct problems (CP) are described in more detail below, but the focus on early childhood also has clear implications for how poverty has been conceptualized to influence emerging CP. The current paper addresses the intersection between the development and maintenance of conduct problems in early childhood (i.e., 0 to 5 years) and poverty. Implications of the adapted family stress model were then discussed in terms of its implications for the prevention and treatment of young children’s emerging CP. Specifically, in we focused on the contribution of maternal depression, both in terms of compromising parenting quality and exposing children to even higher levels of stressful events and contexts. We expanded upon the most well studied of these models, the family stress model, by emphasizing the mediating contribution of parent psychological resources on children’s risk for early CP, in addition to the mediating effects of parenting. Associations between exposure to poverty and disruptive behavior were reviewed through the framework of models emphasizing how the stressors associated with poverty indirectly influence child CP by compromising parent psychological resources, investments in children’s welfare, and/or caregiving quality. The current paper reviewed extant literature on the intersection between poverty and the development of conduct problems (CP) in early childhood.
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